In  this  session,  we'll  investigate some  of  the  ways  that  scientists  use  to assess  animal  welfare  using  the  five  freedoms  and  beyond. Professor  Bramble  reported  to  the  UK  government  on animal  welfare  and  suggested  that all  animals  should  have the  freedom  from  pain  and  discomfort. This  was  then  expanded  upon  by the  Farm  Animal  Welfare  Council  in the  early  '70s  to  what  is  now internationally  recognised  as  the  Five  Freedoms. These  are  the  freedom  from  hunger  and  thirst, freedom  from  pain,  injury  and  disease. The  freedom  from  fear  and  distress, the  freedom  from  discomfort, and  the  freedom  to  display  natural  behaviours. The  Five  Freedoms  are  great  because  they  are an  internationally  recognised  method of  assessing  animal  welfare. However,  they  do  have  some  benefits  and  some  limitations. E.g.  you'll  notice  that  the  first  four  of those  freedoms  are  all  the  freedom  from  something. They're  very  negative. Whereas  the  fifth  freedom, the  freedom  to  display  natural  behaviour,  is  a  positive. This  mismatch  between  the  positives  and  negatives can  make  the  Five  Freedoms  a  little  bit  unwieldy  to  use. The  Five  Freedoms  are  also  a  little  bit  more  difficult  to use  for  companion  animals  or  wild  animals,  e.g. all  wild  animals  have the  freedom  to  display  natural  behaviours, but  we  can  still  affect  their  welfare  in  other  ways. So  did  the  Five  Freedoms  really apply  to  them  in  the  same  way? For  this  reason,  we  have  come  up  with other  ways  of  assessing  animal  welfare, other  animal  welfare  frameworks, such  as  the  duty  of  care  Framework. Unlike  with  five  freedoms, the  duty  of  care  frameworks focuses  on  what  we  can  provide  animals, providing  them  with  a  safe, happy  environment  that  they  can  enjoy. And  it  also  encourages legal  responsibility  to  the  owner  or the  animal  caretaker  to  make  sure  that  they  provide these  animals  with  a  good  welfare  environment. Although  the  different  animal  welfare  frameworks can  take  different  approaches, they  also  for  the  same  purpose. And  animal  welfare  framework  helps  us  to  assess  and describe  how  an  animal  is  coping  with  its  environment. The  Five  Freedoms  may  have  been  designed  to describe  production  animal  welfare, but  they  can  be  adapted  to  describe the  welfare  of  this  pet  cat. She's  clearly  had  a  little  bit  too  much  freedom from  hunger  and  thirst. And  this  is  compromised. Her  freedom  from  disease  causing  her  to  become  obese. Her  natural  behaviours  are  also  limited because  she's  reluctant  to  play  and  jump. And  she  made  me  uncomfortable, which  would  of  course  compromise her  freedom  from  discomfort. And  other  welfare  framework  such  as  the  duty  of  care, which  focus  instead  on  what this  cat  needs  to  have  good  welfare, such  as  a  balanced  diet. Both  frameworks  would  agree  that this  Caswell  for  his  compromised  due  to her  obesity  and  that portion  control  will  improve  the  situation.